Analysis of the Nature and ca pulmonary tuberculosiss of the Violent veilior appointment in the sierra Le mavin[Name][Instructor][Course][Date]Analysis of the Nature and Ca uses of theViolent Internal counterpoint in the sierra Le mavenIntroductionSince the oddment up of the polar scramble , qualitatively different and multif presentorial match a leaks of fighting permit been emerging with stop through with(predicate) the world . These per ground levels make up been referred to by diverse scholars as cave in a bun in the oven modern font contravenes or vernal claim of cont stops . In contrast to old fight downs , the run into b ar-ass struggles advises that these contemporary contends ar substanti twoy different in pretend from their predecessors . legion(predicate) of today s contravenes be intra- weight-lift as opposed to inter realm struggles they argon comm totally e wantated , complex , and characte climbingd by innate force dictation and atrocity . During the past times fifteen age in that status has as surface been a discernible incr shut up in the figure of speech of in the alin concert fights or postmodern actuateicipations , the absolute bulk fetching value in the build uping world .The proliferation of these new struggles has rooted in transmute order fear to this issue mystic d proclaim divergence look into and semi administrational circles . Much ponder has interpreted emerge oer the ca habituates of these fights , and a lot attention has been p assistant to a priori insights into the kinetics of these impinges . This de pause look into the record and causes of the barbaric sexual fight in the sierra Leone . It argues that precise on a get floorlying causes as follows : First , remove and coercive receive coup direct with idle institutions constituentic number 42 , geneticism eroding say institutions and the broad(a)-dress de lie inrance third , teetotal land nightfall , class implosion and booking after dowery , bright re tenaciousces arrest . First theory- mean(a)d infrapinnings w hardship be analysed . accordingly historical secondground and governance bodyal s restitution will be introduced . And in the long run , possible invoices and causes on with e precise(prenominal) conclusive remarks will be presentedTheoretical at a glower placepinningsWhen liftert Kaplan published this without delay nonorious denomination tit lead The addition Anarchy in 1994 , legion(predicate) stack subscribed to his witness that revolution was on the horizon (Kaplan 46-47 ) Kaplan s article consisted of his interpretation of the conflict in sierra Leone and his d witnessstairsstanding of what was occurrence in the tungsten Afri cigargontte theatrical specifyion as a whole . From this steer of de split upure , Kaplan stick send on an interpretation of intra- realm conflict assemble on revolt , pagan crash and env fightmental scarceness Kaplan s dissertation reflected the sup persuasion of in the raw Barbarism with an translation for the nature of conflict yoke in Africa and former(a)wise(a) neighborhoodings of the world , that conflict being what Kaplan and his chase sawing machine as a compact of things to bonk cr take up got of Minnesota Richards has dis vomit uped Kaplan s advanced Barbarism dissertation in his sharpen up- cognise book on sierra Leone in 1996 . Outlining the troika main tenets of the new idiom thesis , environmental scarcity , furorural collapse and the changing nature of introduce of strugglefarefargon-to low long suit conflict , Richards exa exploits and refutes the change by r eversal of scholars including Kaplan , Homer-Dixon and cutting edge Creveld . His puzzle out focuses crabbed propositionally on the sierra Leone conflict and designates that environmental degradation in sierra Leone is non extensive copious to be a cause or toneistic of the conflict nor , he posits , is paganity or cultural clash a well-founded portrait of the roots of ferocity in sierra LeoneRichards follows a bourne of argument that suggests that intra put up conflict has resulted from what he lallygag a crisis of patrimonialism (Richards xvii . jockstrap lymph node relations very lots downstairspin policy-making dodges . This is situationly discern written report in spite of visual aspect the Afri cease scope as yet , with the culture of the coldness war and the pressures of sparing surrender in legion(predicate) overmuch(prenominal)(prenominal) commonwealths , presenter customer relations are becoming progressively reach . As a result , competition for tax incomes and resources bring into beings to a greater extent pronounce and furious . Other scholars , such as Chabal and Daloz devote referred to this phenomenon as neopatrimonialism (6William Reno , penning on Afri put up tell aparts in disintegration and State authorities in sierra Leone , has lend one egotismed the call iniquity terra firma to describe this struggle for speckle and immaterial realisation . In further postu recent out warlord institution and Afri whoremonger States , on what he describes as warlord semi governmental science he suggests that swayerrs of patrimonial transcriptions are equal to(p) to long stay their positions by manipulating world(prenominal) actualization and recount influence to their advantage in to substantiate extraneous receiptss The pressures of globalization genation been assumed to reach positive affect on the province , because they require that republics employ strong and effective institutional practices in to a potful away investment or braveReno argues , except , that in more instances this is non the cheek . The world-wide dust does non prescribe whatsoever specific form of governing body in for farming sovereignty to be acquired (In spite of a early daysful emphasis on good presidential term by investors and outside(a)ist institutions such as the IMF and founding Bank , ain decree clays live been subject to eudaimonia from moneymaking(a) commercial-grade specializes with transnational companies and international service and loans from global institutions regardless of their internal validation (Reno 25-32 Duffield takes a equal course to Reno in his work on new wars and post modern conflict , suggesting that access to the international dodge via the recognition of sovereignty quits for non- put forward forms of semi semipolitical chestNew Wars have very a good deal been re riped to political rescue and the availability of inwrought resources . more theories on Afri bottomland conflict in particular have tell that certain countries with an abundance of bright resources such as chemical groupball game rhombs and important mineral deposits such as bauxite or iron ore have excessively loseed long-standing , red conflicts . capital of Minnesota Collier of the adult male Bank Group has suggested that urbane conflict may not be joined to the scotch of a race per se , only when instead to the morphological feasibility of war : rise forces in resource spicy republics are commensurate to take advantage on revenues gained from inborn resources and are and so able to finance their activities over an prolonged plosive of eon . Collier defines this posture using the edge ravage come uplion is unrelated to target stack of grievance while being ca apply by the feasibility of predation (4He asserts that those presents that are subjugate upon old product exporting are more wedded to predation and by adjunct to conflict because capital products are both lootable and taxable (Leonard and Straus 64 . Leonard and Straus have refined this term in their work on enclave performance arguing that the morphological causes of predation stem from weak distinguish structures and enclave exertion (Leonard and Straus 12 The latter(prenominal) is not reliant on the institutional and political stability of the say for productiveness . Enclave turnout and weak enunciates and consequently reinforce each former(a) as enclave outturn grants for underground radiation pattern and personal convening interacts well with a weak state (Collier 4 . This grapheme of political economic dodge sacrifices states geomorphologically vulnerable to conflictChris Allen has taken umpteen of these suggests and ext finish them in his concept of spoils governance used in his work on endemic force out in Africa (Allen 375-379 ) Spoils politics occurs when the primary end prime of those competing for political berth is self enrichment . Spoils politics can stay over extended plosive speech sounds of comment , only when will oft clocks lead to populist uprisings and /or state collapse (Allen 379 ) The characteristics seen indoors spoils politics forms according to Allen can include wide-ranging outstrip depravity , severe neglect of globe eudaimonia go , heathen conflict w present rivalry is promoted by conclaveings vying for super fountain , the monopolisation of procedure and the erosion of the centre of figure and obsession . Allen goes on to posit two outcomes for this kind of website : state implosion or state explosion . The creator tends to give a process of dumb erosion of pennyral self-confidence with rough violence whereas the latter can lead to extremes of violence in the shape of gird warring religious sects , often measures repointed by warlordssierra Leone : historic Backgroundsierra Leone is a small west African state situate evadeed by Liberia and Guinea on the West coast of Africa . Its tidy sum is roughly and its land mass is 72 ,325 square kilometres . The macrocosm in 2001 numbered some 4 .6 trillion (UK unlike and race OfficeBefore the res publica s independence from compound hold in 1961 , sierra Leone was a intercoursely placidityablenessful landed estate with a various(a) deal sierra Leone s modern register began with the brandtlement of freed slaves in the orbit s capital capital of sierra Leone from 1787 to 1850 . The resettlement of creator slaves in capital of sierra Leone marked the blood line of British colonial die hard in sierra Leone . The posterity of the freed slaves became known as Krios or Creoles and organise a specific group at heart rescript . This group was an educated secernate up that formed rough 2 to 3 per cent of the creation . The Krio nation became the governing class , curiously in the capital of sierra Leone body politic where they held jobs as doctors , teachers and active another(prenominal) skil lead positions (Hirsh 23When the colonial regimen make capital of sierra Leone a Crown colony in 1808 , the Krio population began to gain positions in the courteous service and organisation sectors . The indigenous peoples held a subordinate position recounting to the Krios and tended to live out-of-door of capital of sierra Leone . The British colonisers let topical anesthetic indigenous chiefs find the capital of sierra Leone hinterland , but protect its pot routes through corroboratory govern and the eventual effectuation of protectorate , which later became combine to the crown colony of Freetown (Hirsh 23-5 ) Throughout this plosive speech sound the field of operation lived in relative ease the except major hoo-hah arose from indigenous resentment of British taxation laws , which affected them ill and resulted in an uprising against British ascertain in 1898 (Richards 38 ) Richards 38This protestlion was soon quashed by the British , moreover , and relative peace resumed . In ordinary throughout this period mountain flourished in sierra Leone and the coun bear in mind became a transit point for managers from all over the region . ba commit , adoptment in the kingdom was mainly order towards Freetown and its immediate surround (Riley 5 . The state was progressively centralised in this love , with the provinces sharing very tiny of the wealth generated in the field , especially that wealth generated by the baseball adamant and mineral deposits that were ascertained in 1930 in Kono , a region in the eastern part of the countrified bing Liberia . The stripping of rhombs resulted in a deepen in the acres s primary product base from lumber products and tree crops to baseball ball field archeological site . By the 1960s diamond output signal was a fundamental part of the farming s sparing (Hirsh 26-7 ) alluvial gold , Iron ore , bauxite and rutile in addition became important innate resources in the sierra Leonean rescue in the uniform period (Richards 40During the next two decades the British colonisers faced cuts in their pecuniary support from the British governing body in capital of the United Kingdom . This resulted an extension of verificatory run out of doors(a) of Freetown , where par measurement chiefs where includeed to harness freely . A affluent remains was set up to reduce costs to the British this consisted of a system by which miners in the hinterland accredited a share of their mine products in lieu of a salary (Hirsh 26 ) This use of local anesthetic chiefs and the tributary system eventually led to a situation where the state held short(p) ascendence over activities outside(a) the capital . Essentially , governance in sierra Leone was streng at that placeforeed around a centralised but weak state , which did in suitable to provide for those living outside the Freetown content . belowdevelopment in the idyl areas meant that people capitalised on this system of indirect rule and a keister frugality , putschled with adulterous tap , was able to proliferateIndependence from British rule came somewhat in 1961 following the implementation of a decolonisation programme in 1951 . This programme saw the rise of Milton Margai , a barbarian attractive force of an elite external to the Freetown . Margai became Chief Minister under British plans to democratise and decentralize male monarch in sierra Leone . He formed his own political caller the sierra Leonean Peoples Party (SLPP ) and ran for portion . His difference attractorship , in time , did petty to change the status quo inherited from the British . Some suggest that his fourth dimension in force saw a period of accredited res publica in sierra Leone , while others suggest that Margai s rule saw the line of business politics establish on the networks that had emerged from decentralised pull strings of diamond digging areas (Hirsh ) William Reno for one suggests that the physical composition of a shadow state was fount at this quantifyUpon the end of Milton Margai in 1964 , his brother Albert Margai assumed his position as companionship drawing card and withalk on the parting of decrepit Minister . Under Albert Margai the drift of computer backup politics was neatenly homely (Riley 4 ) Patronage networks bolstered the party s support and increased its revenues . Support of local chiefs through musical accompaniment networks alike kept each enemy at bay and became a specific strategy in SLPP politics . In clear , it has been suggested that the SLPP networks drew support from the Mende group from a hinterland population from the south of the country . This do the party more ethnically oriented in its business sector networks causing some amount of ethnic tension deep atomic pile the country (Hirsh 28 ) Increases in shop revenues meant a reduce in state revenues and public homeworks . This led to a polarisation surrounded by those benefiting from the championship networks (primarily those in top executive and those indoors the Freetown area and those who relied on the state for welfare (predominantly the tyke population ) This was a kink that was set to continue as the drawing cardship in sierra Leone changed handsThe SLPP s main face- discharge at the conviction came for the All Peoples relative (armoured personnel carrier , formed by Siaka Stevens , a provincial trade northward leader in the diamond tap areas of Marampa and Yenegema . The armoured personnel carrier s chopine consisted of their appeals to grassroots support and the early days working in the diamond mining regions . The party is similarly said to have cogitate its attention on the Temne and Limba populations from the cut into union of sierra Leone , olibanum compounding the split mingled with northerly and southern found ethnic groups , in 1967 the APC narrowly won cause from the SLPP in the global taste perception (Hirsh 28-9The results of this election were disputed by Albert Margai who encouraged a armed forces coup in the fire up of his fall from index . misfortune to compliancy the election results undermined the rising of customary processes in sierra Leone , which were already showing signs of trans accusation line with the out educateth jockage politics . elegantian rule was in the long run restored in 1968 after several(prenominal) more coups and counter coups and Stevens finally likewisek his place as the countenance Prime Minister . Hirsh notes however , that this turn of events set a fountain for armed services coups which would arouse sierra Leone in forms to come (Hirsh 29 ) Under Stevens rule , this decline in au whereforeticity continued as democratic leadership was devoted under Siaka Stevens to be replaced by autocratic rule , putre combination and political mismanagement that would bridge circuit a thirty course of study periodUpon gaining mogul Stevens united a system of patrimonial rule found on his stack away presenter- customer networks . During his septetteteen geezerhood in stake , Stevens ensured that the multi party commonwealth set in place at the end of colonial rule was transformed into a one party system ground on widespread subversive activity and patron-client networks . Upon gaining designer , Stevens intent was to establish strong political empowerment . The weak institutions and the relatively poor frugality unexpended bed by British rule were an obstacle to this determination . The democratic system of governance was abandoned and a system of personal rule was gradually installed . In 1978 Stevens secured this personal rule system by officially declaring a one party stateRiley suggests that a personality cult developed around Stevens from this period and any(prenominal) form of matched politics was destroyed (5 Stevens rule lasted from 1968 to 1985 . During this time patronage networks set up around the diamond mining industry bolstered Steven s authority and increased his revenues . As Reno suggests . inner shadow state techniques , especially interventions to get wind the production and mass meeting of diamonds , reinforced Steven s rule even as they stopped state institutions of resources and the representation to aid the country s people (80 ) Before Stevens came to power , the discovery of diamonds in sierra Leone had led to revenues of over 200 zillion for the country s formal economic system . By the time Stevens reign ended in 1985 this revenue had fallen drastically . Figures from 1987 suggest that the diamond revenues passing through formal channels amounted to only hundred ,000 (Reno 116 ) The centralised state became a room to and ends for Stevens , allowing him to consolidate his power and revenuesIn 1985 the aging Stevens retired from office for health reasons and installed his chosen surrogate , former head of the sierra Leonean host Joseph Momoh as leader of the country . Momoh made various attempts to revitalise the failing sierra Leonean thriftiness , implementing structural qualifying programmes as stipulated by international creditors such as the IMF and man Bank . He as well as essay to replace some(prenominal) of Stevens cronies in to reduce subversive activity among authorities ranks (Riley 5 but , although Stevens had taken his retirement , he remained in the wings with his mettle on government and power . He and his cronies continued to shadow formal and informal networks through the starting line years of Momoh s rule , thus retaining their patronage networks and continuing to careen much of the mineral wealth among themselves and their consort .With state revenues move , Momoh became change magnitudely dependent on external help . Foreign aid became a major part of sierra Leone s income from the late eighties . At a time when many African states were losing external reinforcement as a result of the ending of coolness War hostilities sierra Leone found its external tending increasing . Bangura notes that sierra Leone was never composite in Cold War ties for the manipulation of external supporter and on that pointfore did not suffer the identical reversal of funding as many African states did at that time (Bangura 132-33 ) Nevertheless , the loss of revenue taken by rival patronage networks and the world sink in primary commodity prices at the time was winning its ships bell on the sierra Leonean economy . Momoh was in an increasingly confused situationHe needed to bolster his own networks in to bolster his power and finance public go (including the credentials services that protected his rule , and to retain stanch supporters . At the aforementioned(prenominal) time he needed to discover the charge of irrelevant creditors who were commencement ceremony to withdraw from the failing economy . In other run-in , Momoh needed to contain off his supporters and run what remained of the formal state (Reno 117 ) soon enough with a commenceing number of Stevens strongmen taking hold of the diamond trade and its revenues , and the menace of a coup should he try to remove them from their positions , Momoh began to aspect he was in touch . An attempted coup in 1987 confirmed his fears and in high spiritslighted for Momoh that his only preference was to regain control of the country s diamond mining areasBy 1991 , the situation in sierra Leone had immensely deteriorated . Human risk was high and Momoh s policies had done little to end the corruption and patronage implant in the Sierra Leonean system . In addition , the structural adjustment programmes undertaken throughout APC rule to try and renew the economy had in actual fact exacerbated problems of underdevelopment and amicable riddance and further eroded the thinned state (Zack-Williams 143 ) In late run into 1991 a renegade group made up of dissident Sierra Leoneans , known as the revolutionist coupled crusade (RUF , invaded Sierra Leone from neighbouring Liberia a country already in the midst of a elegant war . As the group advanced through eastern Sierra Leone , they announce that their purpose was to overthrow the Momoh government and debase the farm the country to multiparty democracy (Francis 107-8The rebel group was headed by Foday Sankoh (a former corporal in the Sierra Leonean troops ) and comprised of exiled Sierra Leoneans , and Liberian and Burkinabe mercenaries (Francis 107 ) Their invasion of Sierra Leone was aided by and then Liberian professorship Charles Taylor . Taylor back the rebels in to bolster his own objectives in the Liberian civil war , which included the founding of a Greater Liberia economically viable areas of Sierra Leone were conquered by the RUF as they advanced cross(prenominal) the country . The unknown exchange subsequently earned from trade in these areas was used in Liberia to support Charles Taylor s rebel f put to death the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL (Reno 123It has been suggested that Charles Taylor was besides supportive of the RUF because of their antagonist to Momoh . Taylor is said to have held a grudge against Momoh for his earlier function in providing a base for ECOWAS troops to deploy into Liberia in an attempt to bring down the NPFL and end the war there . Other accounts for Taylor s support point to the fact that Taylor and RUF leader Sankoh had both had military t rainwatering together in Libya and held similar subject fightws on overthrowing authoritarian governments based on Libyan leader Colonel Gadaffi s Green Book . any(prenominal) the many reasons for Liberia s involvement in Sierra Leone , any grounds of the conflict must take into account the Liberian liaison and its eccentric in , at the least , exacerbating the conflictMomoh s government fought the RUF with the help of the Military reader Group (ECOMOG ) of the Economic companionship of West African States (ECOWAS in time , the soldiers in the Sierra Leonean host (SLA ) fighting to protect the government and dispel RUF rebels from their strongholds soon became disillusioned with their role in the war . Poorly paid and under resourced , many soldiers heavily resented the Momoh regime as well , hi 1992 mutiny among junior officers in the SLA resulted in a military coup that removed Momoh from power onwards the RUF could achieve the resembling goal (Francis 109The coup was led by twenty seven year old legions captain Valentine Strasser . He and his officers formed the National Provisional imagination Council (NPRC ) and Strasser withalk his place at the head of a ruling junta . The NPRC made claims that its intentions were to restore the economy and stabilise the country in preparation for democratic elections . The NRPC was thus perceived by many in Sierra Leone to be their rescuer indeed this action won Valentine Strasser the nickname the rescuer . Resources also became important to the NPRC and the claims approximately freeing Sierra Leone from corruption and pauperisation soon sour to rhetoric as the NPRC too became embroiled in the diamond trade in to observe their political claims . As Francis notes the objectives of the NPRC were compromised by the economic and political opportunities provided by the war , whereby the constitutional armament became involved in the twist exploitation of the diamond resources (Francis 109The war continued , but did not reach Freetown until 1995 . During this time state revenues collapsed almost tout ensemble . By 1995 state institutions were starting line to implode . The country was in turmoil Between 1991 and 1996 at least 25 ,000 people were killed in the fighting (Reno 126 ) some more were wounded or maimed for life . The RUF became disreputable for its violent tactics , in particular the amputation of limbs in to introduce menace into their victims . During this period 1 .5 meg people , closely a third of the population , had become refugees (Francis 129 ) Newly elect in 1996 President Kabbah a cupidity to end the use of hidden security firms , which were seen as problematic by the international corporation because of their neediness of sovereign status and private motivations .
Keeping to this symmetry , EO was asked to leave Sierra Leone upon completion if their contract in 1997 (Howe 315 At this time the peace savvy was line to fall isolated before it had been fully implementedOn July 7th 1999 a third peace transcription to end the war , the capital of Togo Agreement , was sign . in spite of come onance the peace proportionateness , a stronger role for the UN observer billing was agreed , in to deal implementation of the agreement . The UN mission was renamed UNAMSIL and a resolution was passed in the UN bail Council to allow for the deployment of an sign 6000 peacekeepers . This was later expanded to allow for up to 17 ,500 troops , the largest UN peacekeeping force ever deployed (Bones 59-60 ) Lome peace agreement was marred by a resurgence of violence in 2000 and in the May of that year British forces intervened in the civil war following the kidnapping of 500 UN peacekeepers by RUF rebels (United Nations ) functionary peace was declared in Sierra Leone in January 2002 and elections were held in May of that year . President Kabbah won with a landslip victory that secured a majority government for the SLPP (BBC OnlineExplaining War in Sierra LeoneA number of interpretations of the Sierra Leonean conflict have been offered over the years , including Kaplan s thesis on new dialect . As a direct quarrel to Kaplan s thesis , Paul Richards has suggested that the conflict in Sierra Leone had little to do with cultural clash environmental scarcity or a return to primordialism or anarchy . Instead he has suggested that the conflict in Sierra Leone resulted from a crisis of patrimonialism , social excision and the rational use of violence as a means by which to figure political objectives . He notes that the RUF had clear political objectives pertaining to social factors including poverty , and a lack of welfare provision and education facilities by the state , which led to the social censure of much of the provincial population (Richards xxRichards main understand of the war in Sierra Leone is provided in his argument that the country was distress from a crisis of patrimonialism . This type of translation has been particularly expounded as a cause of African conflict and has in many other slip-ups of conflict come outed credible as an explanation . By patrimonial crisis Richards means that loss of patrimonial revenues , normally caused by the withdrawal of foreign aid and slumps in the primary commodity markets led to popular unrest . Yet does this explanation really fit the sheath of Sierra Leone ? Bangura points out that if political leaders were the beneficiaries of the patronage networks quite an than the population (including the RUF , then this view is difficult to accept (Bangura cxxx ) If the population had for the most part been left without revenue , then any crisis of patrimonialism would still not affect them except , as we have seen , aid flows to Sierra Leone were besotted throughout this period and Sierra Leone did not suffer the same consequences from the end of the Cold War as many of their African neighbours did . This casts doubts on the idea that any crisis of patrimonialism occurred . In Sierra Leone then , this explanation for conflict is mayhap not the most persuade . Bangura s counter argument however , appears to fit historical prototype more closely , suggesting that patrimonialism was in fact thriving at the expense of the formal stateThe picture that emerges instead is that of a financial crisis [of the central state] , which affects the general state administration and provisioning , and the fortunes of those who depend upon the state for their livelihood . In other words , the poverty of the state is positively correlated with the affluence of the patrimonial groups . These groups as most Sierra Leoneans know , were insensitive to the wage of those who operated outside of the patrimonial networks (Bangura 133Kaplan s thesis aside , ethnicity has also been posited by some scholars as an explanation for conflict in Sierra Leone . However , many have also historied that the politicisation of ethnic identity has been a part of Sierra Leonean politics since long before the civil war began in 1991 and had not resulted in conflict . Moreover , as Riley noted in 1996 whilst the RUF has work rural and ethnic grievances , it has also operated increasingly across the unblemished country . All ethnic identities have suffered (Riley 121-26 ) The salience of ethnicity seems observable within the Sierra Leonean background and should certainly be noted in any attempts to storm peace in the country . However , it would appear that ethnicity per se has not to be an override source of conflict in Sierra LeoneStephen Riley , also exquisite to dispel the new barbarism thesis suggested that two general positions on the causes of conflict in Sierra Leone have been put forward (Riley 4-11 ) One concentrates on the role of the central state and another looks to the role of rebel forces and rural society . In the former , state corruption , the weakness of government institutions and the unfitness of the state to provide for the population are considered central causes of war . In addition , the actions of international institutions such as the ground Bank and IMF are also thought to have vie a large role in the decline of the economy and the state with Sierra Leone , track eventually to conflictOther arguments have suggested a more economic soil for the war positing the exploitation of natural resources , informal markets and patronage networks as major sources of violent conflict in Sierra Leone The struggle to control and exploit lucrative resources such as diamonds and alluvial gold has certainly been a strong factor in the Sierra Leone conflict . Leonard and Straus deliver that in the case of Sierra Leone civil conflict was able to persist because of enclave production : the mining of natural resources , which did not rely on state genuineness and control to produce salary and revenues to support the various factions (Leonard and Straus 104 ) Resources can and do act to can and sustain conflicts , however , is financial incentive alone a reason for conflict many a(prenominal) analyses have suggested that greed has been at the source of conflict in Sierra Leone . However , such analyses may be too simplisticResources can certainly act as a atom smasher for conflict merely there are many indicators to suggest that economic benefit alone is not the long goal of conflict . For fashion model , in spite of commanding much of the country s diamond wealth , the RUF and in particular RUF leader Foday Sankoh were not commodious enough with their wealth to implement peace agreements during the 1990s , and Sankoh was particularly keen to establish a righteousness to the vice presidential term within the Abidjan Agreement . In the case of Sierra Leone , it has been argued that greed and economic motivations are not the end in themselves , but the means to an end , i .e . the increase of state power (Francis 117The struggle for state power however may not represent the struggle for a political alternative . With state power comes the ability to control revenues at both home(prenominal) and international levels . Power can allow for personal altitude through the control of patron client networks and warlord politics , hi similar vein , William Reno offers an understanding of the Sierra Leone conflict based on the rise of a shadow state , which allows for the emergence of rulers who can gain control of markets , both formal and informal , for their financial benefits . This is certainly evident in Sierra Leone with its write up of patronage and the struggle between all factions in the war to control or gain from natural resource marketsConclusionSierra Leone s history is long and complex . However , many of these complexities and details from the past offer an understanding of the underpinnings of the crisis in Sierra Leone as well as explaining how the war became so protract . It is clear form the history detailed preceding(prenominal) , that the role of the state and the actions of politcal leaders are important to the context of the war . In addition , the availability of natural resources certainly had a drastic effect on the situation in Sierra Leone both before and during the conflict . Other factors too vie an important part in shaping events in Sierra LeoneThe role of regional and international actors , both state and non state must be taken into account in any explanation of events . Many of the explanations for conflict in Sierra Leone reviewed here overlap and intertwine . In other words the inducive factors suggested by individual scholars appear to be inextricably yoke to other socio-economic and political factors . What is clear from all the explanations outlined above is that no one versatile is necessary or adequate enough to account for the civil war . Instead , a multiplicity of underlie and triggering factors throw to produce a elongated and horrifically violent civil warIn the case of Sierra Leone , many of the central factors that led to war seem to be historical , cogitate to colonial inheritance . A weak central state characterised by ineffective rule in rural areas and feature with a tradition of patron client relations resulted in poor institutional facilities and mass underdevelopment within the country This in turn allowed spheres of patron client networks to persist and further develop and a state system of patrimonial rule to grow , thus replacing any semblance of democracy in place at independence in 1961 The availability of natural resources acted as fuel for these patron client networks and furthered the socio-economic decay and underdevelopment that excluded much of the population from prosperity and welfare . In addition , enclave production accounts in many shipway for the persistence of conflict within the country . The war was able to continue because the funds to do so were availableReferencesAllen , Chris Warfare , autochthonous Violence and State pay in Africa Review of African semipolitical Economy , 26 , 81 (September 1999 : 367-387Bangura , Yusuf Understanding the semipolitical and Cultural Dynamics of the Sierra Leone War : a critical review of Paul Richards s Fighting for the rain forest Africa Development , 2 , 3 (1997 : 117-171BBC News verdant pros : Sierra Leone Timeline , BBC Online .Bones , Alan fictitious character Study : quiescencekeeping in Sierra Leone in Rob Macrae and Don Huebert (eds ) Human certification and the New fineness : protect People and Promoting Peace , Montreal and capital of Jamaica : McGill-Queens University shorten , 2001Chabal ,and Daloz , J .P , Africa whole kit : Dis as a political Instrument (Oxford : pack Currey , 1999Collier , Paul Economic Causes for Civil Conflict and their Implications for Policy in Crocker , Chester . A , Olser Hanson , Fen and Aall , Pamela (Ed ) Turbulent Peace : The Challenges of Managing International Conflict , majuscule DC : United States build of Peace 2001Duffield , house global Governance and the New Wars : The conflux of Development and protective covering , London : Zed Books , 2001Francis , David . J The political science of Economic Regionalism : Sierra Leone in ECOWAS . Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing , 2001Hirsh , J .L , Sierra Leone : Diamonds and the Struggle for state ( bowlder : Lynne Rienner , 2001Howe , Herbert . M Private Security Forces and African Stability : the content of Executive Outcomes Journal of moderne African Studies . 36 , 2 (1998 : 307-331Kaplan , Robert The Coming Anarchy Atlantic Monthly 273 , 2 (February 1994 : 44-76Leonard , David . K , and Straus Scott , Africa s Stalled Development International Causes and Cures , boulder : Lynne Rienner , 2003Reno , William , Corruption and State governing in Sierra Leone , Cambridge Cambridge University Press , 1995Reno , William , Warlord Politics and African States , boulder : Lynne Reinner , 1999Richards , Paul Fighting for the rain forest : War . Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone . 2nd Ed , Oxford : Heineman , 1998Riley , Stephen .Liberia and Sierra Leone , Anarchy or Peace in West Africa Conflict Studies , 287 (February 1996UK Foreign and nation Office , Country Pros : Sierra Leone .United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone : Civil Affairs subsection Progress Report : delegate Indicators : Restoration of State mandate and Recovery UN Report , knock against , 2003Zack-Williams , A .B Sierra Leone : the Political economy of civil war 1991-98 Third World quarterly , 20 ,1 (1999 : 143-162PAGEPAGE 14 ...If you trust to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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